
Delaware is among the states considering the use of mileage-based user fees to replace revenue lost from gas taxes as the country turns to electric vehicles. (Chuttersnap/Unsplash)
As state and federal leaders push to get more electric vehicles on the road and lower the consumption of fossil fuels, a reckoning will come about how to pay for roads if nobody is buying gasoline at the pump.
Taxes on the sale of gasoline fund a huge portion of roadwork, including repaving and safety concerns, and the push is on to ban the sale of all new gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles by 2035.

Nicole Majeski
One way that Delaware is exploring how to recoup that revenue — already under pressure from increasing numbers of high-mileage vehicles — is through user fees that bill drivers for the number of miles a car is driven, based on a device installed in the car.
The focus on how to pay for roads received a push in March when Gov. John Carney’s administration joined 13 other states on Californiaâs Advanced Clean Cars II initiative.
It “calls for banning the sale of all new gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles by 2035,â said Joseph Fulgham, director of policy and communications for the Delaware House Republican Caucus.
âAll new passenger cars, trucks and SUVs sold in Delaware that year will need to be zero emissions. That being the case, it is inevitable that Delawareâs vehicle fuel tax â the main method for funding the Transportation Trust Fund that pays for road construction and all of DelDOTâs operational expenses â will be forced to transition to some other funding mechanism well before then.â
In a February discussion of DelDOTâs budget, Rep. Ruth Briggs King, a Republican from Georgetown, asked about the issue.
âWhat is the right method for these electric vehicles?â DelDOT Secretary Nicole Majeski responded. âIs a mileage-based user fee the right method for them or is some other sort of fee associated with that? Because as you mentioned, theyâre not contributing to the motor fuel tax but they are still contributing to the wear and tear of our infrastructure.â
Mileage-based user fee
Whatever happens will take many steps.
For instance, Carney doesnât have the authority to commit to the initiative, said David T. Stevenson, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy for the Caesar Rodney Institute, a conservative Delaware think-tank.
Delaware is part of The Eastern Transportation Coalition, which since 2018 has been studying a mileage-based user fee, with real-world pilots, public opinion surveys, focus groups and data analysis. Among those groups, the user fee is shortened to MBUF as an acronym and pronounced em-buff.
Key conclusions from its latest report:
- The technology needed already exists and is in use by insurance companies and the trucking industry.
- A tiered rate based on fuel economy doesnât work. They can be regressive and difficult to explain to participants.
- A long-term replacement system must allow for the complexities of different users, especially the trucking industry. A single rate for trucks creates âan unintended disincentive for purchasing lower-emission trucks,â one report said.
Itâs up to elected leaders to decide on the politically charged complexities of when and how to change and what dollar figures to allocate to various fees.
Part of the coalitionâs mission has been studying public knowledge and perception.
It turns out that thereâs not a lot of either.
In 2019, the coalition asked Delawareans how much a gallon of gas — then $2.17 — was. Most did not know.
And 75% were not familiar with the mileage-based system, according to Lisa Miller of the coalition.
Calling it a user fee, not a tax
One simple linguistic move designed to encourage support is calling it a user fee, not a tax.
âThe public reaction to this is very negative, as it should be,â coalition executive director Patricia Hendren told a television station in 2017.
The coalition is neutral about the user fee, and Hendren told WHYY in 2019 that the current fuel tax is âactually more of a regressive tax on lower-income households and folks living in rural areas, where they typically have older, less fuel-efficient vehicles, so theyâre paying more.â
A user fee could have that same effect, too, said Caesar Rodney Institute’s Stevenson.
âThe lower half of the income spectrumâ are likely to be more burdened by that fee, Stevenson said.
âThey donât get to choose to drive less or have public transportation available,â he said.
Examples he cited include service workers driving long distances on crowded roads from western Sussex to all the jobs in the eastern part of the county, he said, and people commuting from southern New Castle and northern Kent to jobs in northern New Castle.
The coalitionâs latest study was based on being revenue-neutral: a vehicle operating at the national average of 23 mpg would pay a user fee equal to the amount paid for state fuel taxes
But that neutrality is only for this hypothetical and the overall collection.
The reality is that some drivers â depending on their driving habits, the efficiency of their vehicles and other factors â will pay more in user fees than they did in fuel taxes. And some would pay less.
âA shift to MBUF is estimated to change household expenses, regardless of geography, by about $1.50 a month,â the report concluded.
Analysis in Delaware
The coalition this year is diving deeper into the issue with a geographic equity analysis in Delaware, New Jersey, North Carolina and Pennsylvania, comparing the habits of rural versus urban drivers.
Delawareâs basic gas tax is 23 cents per gallon, which easily converts to 1 cent per mile in coalition studies. If a tiered rate existed, the user fee could range from 1.44 to 0.70 cents per mile, depending on mpg, and 40 cents per mile for electric vehicles.
Delawareâs tax on special fuels â all other fuels placed into a licensed motor vehicle â is 22 cents per gallon. Theyâve been at that level since 1995.
Federal taxes are 18.4 cents per gallon for gas and 24.4 cents for diesel.
For fiscal year 2023, DelDOT projects the motor fuel tax to generate $146.9 million, or 14% of its $1.019 billion budget. That brings the revenue to just above where it was in fiscal 2019, following pandemic-related dips in the two years in between.
But as more hybrids and electric vehicles are put into use, revenue from a fuel tax will decline.
DelDOTâs other key funding sources are the federal government (32%), Department of Motor Vehicle revenues (23%), I-95 tolls (14%) and Route 1 tolls (6%).
Pennsylvaniaâs Transportation Revenue Options Commission, created by Gov. Tom Wolf in 2021, called the user fee âa long-term fixâ but concluded that Pennsylvania needed to make some short-term fixes. There, the gas tax generates 78% of Pennsylvaniaâs transportation revenue.
Privacy is an issue
Privacy was the most important issue for the technology in one coalition survey, and such concerns have declined after people became more familiar with how the user fee will be calculated.
A 2020-21 coalition study recruited rural drivers and privacy advocates in Delaware. It used devices plugged into the onboard diagnostic port.
A third of the drivers chose GPS-enabled devices that would allow, among other things, to allocate mileage and revenue for out-of-state driving.
Such out-of-state mileage turned out to be 14% of the Delaware driversâ miles. Both types of devices can crunch numbers that might be helpful (say, battery voltage) and numbers that some might call intrusive (how smoothly you drive).
The GPS-enabled devices were promoted for âadded-value featuresâ including the ability to set up geographic zones and see when the car enters and exits the zone and share trip logs with friends.
âSince implementation of the mileage fee will require a long phase-in period, a complete mileage fee collection system must find a way for some motorists not to pay both charges (mileage fee and fuel tax) while other motorists pay only one (the fuel tax),â Oregon concluded back in 2007. âThe way to manage this problem is to provide a credit against some other tax or fee payment, such as the income tax or auto registration fees, surely a cumbersome and non-user friendly approach.
Majeski said in a statement released with the coalition report that Delaware continues to support the commitment of The Eastern Transportation Coalition to explore alternatives for funding the transportation infrastructure.
âThe coalitionâs work on this issue is providing valuable data that will inform our decision-making as we look to the future,â she said.
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